大魔王亲笔长文:作文连贯性的5个常见问题!
2020-01-21 04:08:01 217
对很多考鸭来说
雅思写作是分手路上的拦路虎
也许是因为你基础薄弱
也许是因为你不得其法
也许是因为你甚至没有掌握写作规则
大家苦苦挣扎于5.5-6分
针对这种现象
“大魔王”杨崇圣老师手写万字稿件
亲自为你一步一步剖析雅思写作
在了解“不能写什么”后
我们来看看“应该写什么”
官方给出的四项评分标准,已经 能帮助我们窥见些许秘密。
1 | 写作任务回应情况(Task Response,简称TR) |
2 | 连贯与衔接(Coherence Cohesion,简称CC) |
3 | 词汇丰富度(Lexical Resource,简称LR) |
4 | 语法多样性和准确度(Grammatical Range Accuracy,简称GRA) |
昨天我们学习了“写作任务回应情况”,今天就来看看“连贯与衔接”。
连贯性(coherence)指 文章的流畅程度,文章的观点应该 逻辑清楚, 段落结构恰当,以便于作者和读者都易于理解和把握。它包括:
句子及观点流畅,易于阅读
句与句之间能有效体现逻辑联系
句子划分为有逻辑有组织的段落
衔接性(cohesion)指 链接手段(cohesive devices)的灵活使用,有效的衔接有助于整合观点,并阐明段落、句子或句子成分之间联系。它包括:
有效使用指示代词 (Referent pronouns)
近义词的合理运用 (Synonyms other phrases)
准确使用连接词 (Linking words)
连贯与衔接主要看考生 组织文章及连接观点和句子的能力,主要体现为 段落划分清晰, 文章逻辑衔接流畅自然,使用多种衔接方式(连词,代词等),句与句、段与段之间的逻辑衔接都需要注意。
文章结构方面, 开头段,主体段和结尾段三者缺一不可,每个段落中心明确,结构合理完整,也就是 主体段的每个段落都要有一个中心句,主旨句提出主要观点,然后再进行展开,使用恰当、丰富的连接方式来链接段落或句子,指明它们之间的联系, 注意一定要避免重复,也不要过多使用连接词或短语,否则物极必反,反而会使文章很零散。
在连贯与衔接上,很多同学也会有问题,这里总结了一些常见问题供大家参考。
没有主旨句也没有中心思想
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主旨句(topic sentence)是每个段落的灵魂,主旨句用于解释、说明、概括每段要阐明的主要观点以给予读者一个直观的印象。看个例子:
Some people think music (arts) plays an important role in society. Others think it is only a form of individual entertainment. Discuss both sides of this argument give your own opinion.
一个缺乏主旨句的段落:
Music assists regular commuters to kill their waiting time on the buses, trains or cars. While working tired, listening to some jazz can effectively alleviate their fatigue. Attending different arts exhibitions in museums or galleries can also help people relax after a whole day exhausting work. Therefore, learning to enjoy the arts is a useful way to relax people’s bodies ease their minds.
这个段落旨在表达艺术可以缓解人们工作上的疲劳,让人放松身心。但是却 没有主旨句来引领这一段,因此,可以尝试加上主旨句让段落表达更加清晰和富有层次。
Indeed, appreciating music arts can be beneficial to those who undertake pressure anxiety from daily monotonous work. Music assists regular commuters to kill their waiting time on the buses, trains or cars. While working tired, listening to some jazz can effectively alleviate their fatigue. Attending different arts exhibitions in museums or galleries can also help people relax after a whole day exhausting work. Therefore, learning to enjoy music arts is a usefu放松身体的一种方法可以缓解他们的思想。
连接词替换使用或使用不当
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有人认为应该增加体育设施;其他人则认为可以采取其他措施来解决此问题。讨论两种观点都可以发表自己的看法。
一个链接混乱的起点:
实际上,鼓励人们参加外部活动是维持双方心理健康的有效途径。 显然 ,地方议会可以将社区中心纳入更多的体育设施,或者建立更多的健身中心。 结果 ,居民可以免费参加体育赛事俱乐部; 这是因为 他们是有动力的。 此外 ,近几十年来,青少年的生活方式发生了显着变化。他们更喜欢留在家中玩电脑游戏或看电视节目,而不是在户外锻炼。 因此 ,需要建立更多的室外游乐场blished in order to minimise obesity develop a healthy lifestyle for those weight-growing teenagers.
这个段落几乎每一句都有连接成分,但是 并不是全部准确,可改为:
Indeed, encouraging people to attend outside activities is an effective way to maintain both physical psychological health. Obviously, Local council could build up community centres with more sports facilities or establish more fitness centres. (后面的句子与前一句之间没有因果关系,所以As a result用在这里不合适)If local residents could go to the gym use facilities for free, they can be motivated to exercise. (Furthermore表示递进,而这里是想说转折)On the other h, the lifestyle of youngsters has changed significantly in recent decades. They are more preferred to stay at home playing computer games or watching television programs instead of exercising outside. Thus, more outdoor playgrounds need constructing in order to reduce obesity develop a healthy lifestyle for those weight-growing teenagers.
常识补给
从结构上说,英语连接词分两大类: 并列连词(coordinating conjunctions)和从 属连词(subordinating conjunctions)。
并列连词连接两个或两个以上 地位平等的单词、词组或分句。例如:
Air water are indispensable to me.
She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句, 形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如:
Many things have happened since I last saw him.
People have always exploited animals for food clothing, whilst farmers have brought ever-increasing areas of l under cultivation.
表示 因果关系的链接表达主要有:
当然一些 动词词组也可以用来描述因果关系。如下:
常见的表示“ 对比”或“转折”的衔接表达有:
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套句过多
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很多考生不懂得拓展句子,陷入“为写而写”的怪圈,也就是常说的“凑字数”。但要了解, 凝练是学术写作的一大特征。
一个都是“ 正确的废话”的段落:
The problem of environmental pollution is more serious than before. People should be aware that protecting environment equals creating a sustainable ecologically-balanced environment for our next generation. Hence, the essay is written to discuss the importance of environment protection how to protect the deteriorating environment…
可改为:
The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the importance of environmental protection discuss how to protect it…
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代词使用不当
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在使用代词的时候,一定要 注意语境和具体的指示对象,否则会让人云里雾里,不知所 云。来看两个例子:
例子1
Eating too much fast food such as KFC, McDonald can add excessive calories that eventually turn into fat, some experts indicate that the best defence against temptations like theseis to refuse even to go near the fast food restaurants.
吃太多的快餐比如肯德基和麦当劳,最后都会转换成脂肪。有些专家建议,抵御这些诱惑的最好办法就是不走近快餐店。
此句并不能说不正确,而是 表达意思不够清楚,因为句中的代词 these指代不清楚。these指代的应该是表复数的名词词组,但是句中these唯一能代替名词calories放进these的位置后指的是“像卡路里的诱惑”,但是诱惑人的是快餐而不是卡路里,而且fast food这个词是单数,不能用these来代替。所以,这句中these是没有具体指代对象的。
因此,把these去掉,句子可以变为:
Eating too much fast food such as KFC, McDonald can add excessive calories that eventually turn into fat, some experts indicate that the best defence against such temptationsis to refuse even to go near the fast food restaurants.
例子2
Many spoiled children tend to buy some exported snacks, despite prices for these snacks containing high calories that are unreasonably high.
许多被宠坏的小孩都喜欢买进口零食,尽管这类含高卡路里产品的价格高得不合理。
这个句子会让人产生 模棱两可的感觉,并不是说这个句子是错的,而是从句that are unreasonably high 会让人觉得整个句子的意思不清楚。因为这个从句既可以修饰名词prices,表示价格高,也可以修饰名词词组snacks containing high calories表示强调和加重语气来凸显这类零食所含卡路里之高。而且从句中的谓语动词为are,prices和snacks containing high calories都可以和are搭配使用。
因此,如果是价钱高的话,句子可以变为:
Many spoiled children tend to buy some exported snacks, although prices for these snacks containing high calories are unreasonably high.
此外, This这个词的用法也需要强调下。对于前一个句子或前文语境陈述的内容和论点,在下一个句子句首或句中可用this或其变体指代前一句所有内容。
例子1
No matter how optimistic a person is, how conscientiously they try to keep fit, their health will inevitably decline as they grow older. This affects their mobility, their ability to interact with people, their physical comfort when compared to the earlier stages of their life.
例子2
A second negative factor is the whole question of finance. By this we mean that even people who have saved or invested carefully during their working lives will find their income in retirement reduced considerably, for example by relying on savings. This results in 他们的休闲选择比年轻时受到的限制更大,尽管他们有更多的时间来填补。 这使我们在 上面临退休的最后一个,也许是最重大的缺点,即孤立。 发生这种情况 ,而健康状况有限的资源却使人们越来越难以与外界联系,即使他们有幸存的家人在照料他们。
例 子 3
确实有一些退休的好处,最明显的是,在许多情况下,追求个人利益的时间是在儿童队伍中。 尽管有 ,但对于许多老年人来说,这些愉悦感可能会导致压力降低。
例子 4
总而言之,健康问题,财务问题孤立在一起使退休成为一项挑战对许多人来说可能是困难的时期ecially when compared to the prime period of life. This is not to say that all retired people suffer in this way, but it appears to be the case very frequently.
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段落长度不合适
在雅思写作中, 一个段落不要多于6个句子,也不要少于3个句子。但同时也应注意字数。一般来说,一个标准的雅思写作主体段落, 在四段式文章中,应该是100词左右。
Men women are different, therefore some jobs are appropriate for men to do (military), some jobs are suitable for women (nurse). To what extent do you agree or disagree?
过长的段落:
However, with the rapid development of technologies economies in recent decades, the traditional way of thinking has been changed dramatically. It is not hard to see that in many profession areas the proportions of women have been growing significantly. For instance, those most prestigious positions in both government private sectors are occupied by a group of women all over the world. Moreover, what are the most valuable assets we have今天是技术。因此,繁重的手动工作量可以由机器代替,我们只需要知道如何操作这些机器即可。此外,过去的工作经历的学历在确定您可以选择的工作类型方面也起着重要作用。因此,无论工作需要特定的技能,知识或其他素质,妇女在当今世界中正日益占据每个特定的工作岗位。
过短的时期:
不过,许多人会争辩说,一些无特权的专业领域仍然由女性主导,例如教师护士。值得注意的是,这是因为妇女的固有特征使她们更胜任这些工作。
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